Free Essays on Australia’s Relations With Japan And Other Pro-Whaling Nations

Australia’s Relations with Japan and other Pro-Whaling Nations Introduction Commercial whaling is a very controversial issue. The question whether or not to whale is an issue with many factors. Commercial whaling is the focus of a debate between pro-whaling nations such as Japan and Norway and anti-whaling nations like Australia, United States and the UK. Both sides present justifiable arguments both for and against commercial whaling Arguments for whaling Countries such as Japan, Greenland, Iceland and Norway claim they are reliant on whaling for economic and cultural reasons.Whale meat provides a key source of protein in the diet and the sale of whale meat and products made from whales provides an economic foundation for these communities. These societies are centred on a cultural tradition of whaling. This small-scale coastal whaling is prohibited by the International Whaling Commission (IWC). Some argue this is causing continuing social and economic hardship for people whose traditional customs and lifestyle directly relate to the whaling culture. Japan claims that small-scale exploitation of whales pose no threat to whale populations yet is critical to the survival of their society. Japan along with many nations have a long history and tradition of whaling and it is part of their culture. Anti-whaling countries such as Australia, the UK and the United States are accused of cultural ignorance in their ongoing opposition to commercial whaling. Japan argues that this cultural bias is based on Western societies norms and political prejudice against whaling. The projection of the Western world's anti-whaling beliefs onto traditional whaling nations is seen to infringe on the rights of those nations. Some argue that whaling is an ecologically sustainable industry, which uses a plentiful marine resource to support a growing human population. Whaling nations say it causes minimal environmental damage when compared to the land base... Free Essays on Australia’s Relations With Japan And Other Pro-Whaling Nations Free Essays on Australia’s Relations With Japan And Other Pro-Whaling Nations Australia’s Relations with Japan and other Pro-Whaling Nations Introduction Commercial whaling is a very controversial issue. The question whether or not to whale is an issue with many factors. Commercial whaling is the focus of a debate between pro-whaling nations such as Japan and Norway and anti-whaling nations like Australia, United States and the UK. Both sides present justifiable arguments both for and against commercial whaling Arguments for whaling Countries such as Japan, Greenland, Iceland and Norway claim they are reliant on whaling for economic and cultural reasons.Whale meat provides a key source of protein in the diet and the sale of whale meat and products made from whales provides an economic foundation for these communities. These societies are centred on a cultural tradition of whaling. This small-scale coastal whaling is prohibited by the International Whaling Commission (IWC). Some argue this is causing continuing social and economic hardship for people whose traditional customs and lifestyle directly relate to the whaling culture. Japan claims that small-scale exploitation of whales pose no threat to whale populations yet is critical to the survival of their society. Japan along with many nations have a long history and tradition of whaling and it is part of their culture. Anti-whaling countries such as Australia, the UK and the United States are accused of cultural ignorance in their ongoing opposition to commercial whaling. Japan argues that this cultural bias is based on Western societies norms and political prejudice against whaling. The projection of the Western world's anti-whaling beliefs onto traditional whaling nations is seen to infringe on the rights of those nations. Some argue that whaling is an ecologically sustainable industry, which uses a plentiful marine resource to support a growing human population. Whaling nations say it causes minimal environmental damage when compared to the land base...

5 Causes of the Death of a Tree

5 Causes of the Death of a Tree Trees have an extraordinary ability to withstand many damaging agents that are ever-present in their environment. Trees have evolved over millions of years to ward off many stressors that bite and burn and starve and rot their roots, trunk, limbs, and leaves. It is amazing how a tree compartmentalizes itself to seal off dead wood and disease, defoliates to reduce the effect of drought and bleeds to extract harmful insects. We know that all trees do eventually die. There are many hundreds of seedlings and saplings that succumb for every mature tree left in the forest. All ages of trees eventually die to the same agents and only the most adaptive (and often lucky) individuals make it to old age. There are 5 factors to which a tree eventually succumbs: death from its environment, death from harmful insects and diseases, death from a catastrophic event, death from age-related collapse (starvation) and of course, death from harvest. In most cases, death is the result of several, if not all of these conditions taking place simultaneously. Lets take a look at each of these. Adverse Environment Ground and site conditions on which a tree lives ultimately determines the environmental stressors placed on that tree. If a drought-sensitive tree lives on a dry site during drought conditions, it may indeed die from lack of water. But that same tree can also be more susceptible to every other life-threatening factor placed upon it. For example, a disease that appears to be killing the tree may in effect be only a secondary issue to the initial environmental problem. Examples of adverse environments to trees are poorly draining soils, salty soils, droughty soils, air and ground pollution, extreme sun heating or cold spots and many, many others. It is particularly important to understand a tree species genetic tolerance to environmental conditions when planting. Many trees adapt very well to poor sites, but you need to understand which species fits where. Harmful Insects and Disease Virulent diseases like Dutch elm disease and the chestnut blight have caused sudden death to entire forests in North America. However, the most common diseases are more subtle in their work, killing many more trees in total than virulent types and cost forest and yard tree owners billions of dollars in forest product and specimen tree value. These common diseases include three bad ones: Armillaria root rot, oak wilt, and anthracnose. These pathogens invade the tree through leaves, roots and bark wounds and damage a trees vascular system if not prevented or treated. In natural forests, prevention is the only economic option available and is a significant part of a foresters silvicultural management plan. Harmful insects are opportunistic and often invade trees under stress from environmental problems or disease. They not only can directly cause tree death but will spread harmful disease fungi from a host tree to surrounding trees. Insects can attack a trees cambial layer by boring for food and nesting cavities, or they can defoliate a tree to the point of death. Bad insects include pine beetles, the gypsy moth, and emerald ash borers. Catastrophic Events A catastrophic event is always possible in a vast forest as well as in an urban setting. All property, including trees, are subject to being damaged or destroyed. In many cases, trees are not killed but are damaged to the point where their vigor is lost, and insects and disease take advantage of a trees loss of resistance. Significant tree losses can occur during a forest fire or when exposed to tornado-strength winds. Trees take a terrible hit when heavy ice is deposited on species sensitive to limb weight which results in breakage. Floods that do not recede quickly can cause root oxygen levels to diminish to the point where tree damage can occur. Extraordinary drought makes quick work of moisture-loving tree species and can harm all trees when extended over a long period. Old Age For trees who beat the odds and live through maturity to old age, there is a slow dying process that may take centuries to complete (in long-lived species). The modular tree compartmentalizes around damage and infected areas and continues to grow. Still, growth starts slowing after a tree matures, the ability of the plant to support itself diminishes and incurs the loss of adequate foliage for hydration and food. New immature branches, called epicormic sprouts, try to assist in maintaining an old trees vigor but are weak and are insufficient to sustain life for very long. A mature tree slowly collapses under its weight and crumbles to become the nutrients and topsoil for future trees. Timber Harvests Well remind you that trees do die to the ax. Trees via their wood have supported humankind and civilization for millennia and continue to be a necessary part of the human condition. The practice of forestry through professional foresters work continually with much success to provide a sustained flow of available wood volume and at the same time, ensure a surplus of trees. Some consider deforestation a growing global crisis.

How did the plan to put a man on the moon by 1969 succeed, or was it Research Paper

How did the plan to put a man on the moon by 1969 succeed, or was it the moon landing faked - Research Paper Example Arguments from both sides have led to the dilemma whether man was able to land on the moon with the level of technology back then the manned landing was planned on earth for reasons of fame and power. Most of the conspiracy theories argue that The United States faked the moon landings to beat the Soviet Union and assure Americans that J.F. Kennedy has achieved his long-term goal. It was clear that the moon landing was faked until NASA counter-attacked the critics on behalf of the government. The landing of man on the moons surface was not a hoax. NASA claimed that it had it had carried out various researches on sending astronauts to the moon and the 1969 program was its first successful landing on the moon after the Apollo 1 program failed. According to NASA sources, the first program was not successful due to a fire in the cabin that led to the deaths of all astronauts. Improvements and renovations were made to the Apollo 11 making it possible for humans to land on the moon using the Lunar module (Braeunig). Kennedys administration funded the programs leading to the construction of two space centers, the Kennedy Space Center and the Johnson Space center. Funding of these centers at the time led to advances in technology in NASAs computers, avionics, and telecommunication systems. These technological advancements led to Armstrong and Aldrin landing on the moon on July 20, 1969 (Braeunig). Michael Collins was left at the command spacecraft to ensure departure preparation s for the Lunar Module. To present proof, the astronauts took pictures and recorded videos. They also took rock and soil samples from the moon and Neil Armstrong left the American flag on the surface of the moon (Knight 500). Above all, the Americans were the first to take a man to the moon and were ready to provide proof. Critics emerged as soon as NASA started transmitting the

1986 study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

1986 study - Essay Example They continue in that when the convicted youth in criminal court is transferred their sanctions are more severe in nature and length. The study was both experimental and qualitative. They examined both the process and outcome of youths that were charged in the juvenile justice system that were identified having violent offences and were considered to be transferred to the criminal justice system. They gathered the data as part of a research and development initiative to test the impact of an experimental treatment program for chronically violent delinquents. They wanted to investigate: â€Å"To what extent are violent youth transferred/convicted and sentenced? Is punishment in the criminal justice system harsher and longer than within the juvenile justice system? Does it occur more quickly? What are the unanticipated consequences of the transfer of certain offense types? How does the process and outcome differ by court and region? What are the legal and policy implications of such disparities? p. 79 They used a standardized protocol to gather their qualitative data on how the sites they studied officially identified the violent youth and transferred them to the criminal justice system. They stated that the, â€Å"Information was collected on juvenile court data on filing of a petition to transfer and hearings on the motion, criminal court data on processing, trying, placing, and sentencing convicted youth; and corrections alternatives for juvenile offenders. These data were analyzed to provide the qualitative description presented in this article.† p. 80 The participants were not assigned at random. They used two strategies to collect the data that were developed and implemented. They used a standardized protocol and abstracts of court processing records in three cities: Boston, Newark, and Phoenix. Memphis was excluded from this study. The sample consisted of 138 youths considered for

This is Britain Essay Example for Free

This is Britain Essay The Romans were in Britain until the beginning of 5. And the south-eastern part of the island were much Romanized. It was formed by five municipalities in the Roman style: Kamulodunum (now Colchester), Verulamium (St. Albans), Lindum (Lincoln), Glevum (Gloucester) and Eborakum (York). All but Verulamiuma, were military settlements. Other cities were founded as centers of areas. In architecture and urban planning, they followed the Roman models, as well as villas, being built in rural areas. There is evidence that the influence of Roman civilization was subjected to a more simple and popular culture. Particularly important role here played by a network of roads built by the Romans primarily for military purposes, but bring together the various parts of the province into a coherent whole. The main occupation of the population was agriculture and sheep breeding, distribution and production of metals has received, primarily silver and lead, less iron and tin. Barbarian invasions in the late 4. forced the Romans to abandon its presence in the remote north-western province. In the north and west of South Roman occupation of Britain was no longer wore military and civilian populations in the south and east were not numerous. By 410 all communication between the empire and Britain ceased, and Britt, lost the habit of fighting over the centuries its dependence on the Romans were forced to defend themselves. Royal power was abolished on Feb. 7, 1649, a week later was formed the State Council of 41 members. England was proclaimed a republic. Nine months of the war, marked sparingly massacre led to the subordination of most of Ireland. This was followed by the confiscation of three-quarters of Irish land, which was distributed to creditors of the republic and the army ranks. They were indignant scorn of the British Parliament for their protest in connection with the execution of the king and now invited to the heir to the throne of Charles I (later Charles II) as the King Presbyterian. The Scottish army invaded England in 1651, was cut off from supplies, and the following year was proclaimed the accession of Scotland to England. At the same time Britain was at war with Holland, which lasted from 1652 to 1654. Now Britain very famous country. The capital of Great Britain is London. Its popular city. He divided for two parts. The first part is London, second called the City. And London famous financial district. I advise you to visit the London!

Comparing The Sun Also Rises and Possessing the Secret of Joy :: comparison compare contrast essays

Similarities in The Sun Also Rises and Possessing the Secret of Joy      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ernest Hemingway and Alice Walker, although separated by seven decades, show striking similarity in their definitions of love in their novels The Sun Also Rises and Possessing the Secret of Joy. It is a unique similarity of circumstances that links these two novels. Jake Barnes, the protagonist of The Sun Also Rises, is literally and symbolically castrated during his service in the First World War. Tashi, the protagonist of Possessing the Secret of Joy, undergoes an ancient tribal ritual of female circumcision that leaves her incapable of having sex. Through these two characters, Hemingway and Walker proclaim their belief that love can exist outside the parameters of a conventional relationship.    Both Jake and Tashi are wounded by serving their countries--Jake in the war, Tashi in an ancient tribal ritual. In both cases, their sacrifice is expected of them. Jake, after returning from the battlefield, is commended by his officer. It certainly was a "rotten way to be wounded," and Jake's officer says, "You gave more than your life." To his officer, however, if Jake had given more than his life it was given in honor of his country, so any consequences of his wound was a fate he would have to live with. He was supposed to be proud to have given so much for the war effort, but his wound does not make Jake a hero. Instead, he is reduced to something less than a man. His wound becomes a joke instead of a mark of a martyr. Jake thinks, "At one time or another I had probably considered it [his wound] from most of its various angles, including the one that certain injuries or imperfections are a subject of merriment while remaining quite serious for the person possessing them" (20). As the war grows distant, Jake must assimilate to life as a lover, not a soldier. In a time when people try to forget the war, Jake becomes not a hero but the object of a cruel joke.    "You have given more than your life." -The Sun Also Rises    Tashi is also wounded for her country. Her African tribe, the Olinkans, demands that everyone have their face scared with traditional tribal markings. For women this "initiation" also includes circumcision. Tashi wants to go through with the ritual--just as Jake decides to join the army--so that she can sacrifice for the traditions and culture she believes in.

Learned Helplessness in the Workplace

Running Head: Learned Helplessness in the Workplace Paper Learned Helplessness in the Workplace Psychology 320 November 22, 2010 Professor: Sprinkle Abstract In the late 1960’s and early 1970s Mr. Martin Seligman began to study what effects surroundings have on not only animals, but human beings. His studies were an attempt to determine what ramifications outside influences could have on a live beings motivation and drive for success. He started his studies by giving rats electric shocks.They were inadvertent and without cause, and this was so the rats had no way of reasoning what could cause or prevent the shocks, and how to avoid them. What he found, was that eventually the rats would give up on trying to avoid or escape the shocks. Seligman eventually applied these studies to human infants and what he discovered was a theory he deemed, â€Å"Learned Helplessness. † Learned Helplessness in the Workplace When Martin Seligman chose to study human infants and the effects of outside influences, he wanted to determine whether a lack of control over one’s surroundings could lead to a lack in motivation.What he found was that just like the rats, humans would learn helplessness, and hence the reason his theory is known as the Learned Helplessness Theory. In short, the theory states that with no control over one’s surroundings, the response will be helplessness. He also found that those who learn this will have an interference with the rest of their development. They may have emotional problems along with anxiety and depression as adults. One of the ways that Seligman believed children learned helplessness was if there was no correlation between actions and there outcome.Just like the rats who tried to escape but where still punished with shocks, they felt that no matter what they did the outcome would be the same. Children who had parents with poor parenting skills or who didn’t recognize their successes, learned that no matter what they did, it didn’t change the outcome. Kids who struggled in school may begin to fail repeatedly as they would feel that even if they did try, they would fail. People who have learned helplessness suffer from low self-esteem, and tend to blame themselves for everythingWhile studying learned helplessness in humans, Seligman found that it also can be associated with different ways of thinking about the events that form person's â€Å"explanatory style. † Seligman believed there were three major components of explanatory style associated with learned helplessness. He termed those as permanence, pervasiveness, and personalization. Permanence pertained to the idea that no matter what happens or the events leading up to them, the outcomes were in fact permanent. Pervasiveness referred to the thought that if something negative happened in one situation it would happen in other situations as well.For instance if a person struggles with math, they then assume they are stupid and struggle in every aspect. Personalization, the third and final component of explanatory style, refers to whether one will attribute negative events to their own flaws or to outside circumstances or other people. Most people with Learned Helplessness will attribute everything to their own flaws or shortcomings. Seligman believes in order to help a person overcome Learned Helplessness; they must strive to Learn Optimism.He believes parents and others who celebrate young kid’s mastery of new subjects can lead to optimism as well as their own attitudes toward life. In my own position as a business owner, I believe I have employed a young woman and possibly a few others with who had learned helplessness. There is one young woman in particular who seemed to struggle with the struggles Seligman outlined in his theory. I felt a daily battle in trying to convince her she could change her life and the outcomes of the events in her life if she became motivated.When I bought my healt h club Cassie was the young woman who was the receptionist at the front desk. What I quickly learned was that Cassie had two drug addicted parents who had spent her entire life beating each other up, a father who was in and out of jail who tried to use her to get drugs, and a mother who tried to get her to do drugs with her. I quickly recognized in Cassie the ability to be different than her upbringing, but I couldn’t see a desire from her to get there. She had an inner voice that told her she never could be successful, as mediocrity was all she felt she deserved.I rewarded her for her work in attempt to motivate her, but it seemed no matter what promotion or reward I offered I couldn’t get her motivated to make changes in her life. She would come to work on time, and do what was asked of her, but I never saw any motivation to rise above and excel to the next level, even though I could see she was naturally intelligent and capable of many things. I felt for Cassie as I am not sure she ever had a chance given her parents, but I couldn’t change her as I so wished I could.No amount of positive praise or reward could convince Cassie that she could change her life, even though her intelligence was high and her ability was great. She just didn’t believe it was possible. I tried for four years to be a role model for Cassie, and there were many days when I thought she was making the choices to change her life, but she never followed through as she really believed change for her was impossible. Cassie had tried for her entire youth rise above both her parents, but eventually she felt no matter what she did the end was inevitable.It’s as if she predetermined her future by thinking it was going to be the worst future possible. In the end it seems she figured if she couldn’t beat her parents, she should join them. I tried very hard to be a positive impact for Cassie and help change her life, but the damage that she had incurred se emed to be too great. No matter what I did, she couldn’t become an optimist or change the way she felt about the outside influences in her life. No matter how hard I encouraged or pushed her in a positive direction, she always wound up back on the bottom because she truly believed that is where she belonged.I often think about her and wonder if there is anything else I could have done to help her crawl out of her life and into one she was worthy up, but in the end I think that she couldn’t change her way of thinking and truly believed the type of life she had was meant to be permanent. She is living somewhere now in a rundown apartment off of welfare with her young daughter who I believe will turn out exactly like her. She has no job because she doesn’t want to lose her food stamps and welfare, and she is back on drugs.My only hope in life is that somebody will be able to walk into her life and tell her daughter that she is smart, and capable of so much in life. I have learned from Cassie the value of celebrating a child’s little successes, and encouraging them to be something in life. It’s sad, but Cassie’s case of Learned Helplessness has taught me about promoting optimism, and I plan on spreading it to any children I come in contact with. References: Learned Helplessness (2001) Encyclopedia of Childhood and Adolescence. Retrieved at: http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_g2602/is_0003/ai_2602000349/Theory Name| Major Theorist(s)| Time Period Created| Key Theory Concepts| First Grand Theory: WILL| Socrates, Plato and Descartes| Ancient Greeks and 17th-18th centuries| Socrates and Plato literally broke down the concept into mind and body. Mind over matter. According to Plato there was a way to keep body in check. This could be accomplished by the will. In other words the will was in control of all aspects of intention both bodily needs and that which would be considered spiritual. Descartes was convinced that motivat ion was the will. He believed that the will was in charge of whether to act or not to act.Bodily needs pleasures, pain, impulses were just means to an end. Will had the ultimate say. He and other philosophers at the time were convinced that they had the answer. In the end the will turned out to be something of a mystery. In dealing with just the will to explain motivation, it just proved to be a purpose and it was not universal in its theory because some people had more willpower than others. | Second Grand Theory: Instinct| DarwinWilliam JamesMcDougall| 19th-20th Century| Darwin’s thoughts were dealing with the biology of mankind.His theory is still being dealt with today. Religions and scientists still trying to prove or disprove his theory. His main distinction was between animals and humans. Darwin took away the idea of will when he was able to show that animals were able to use their resources (motivation) to adapt to like humans. So in this sense the will was no longer an explanation of motivated behavior. James’ theory consisted of introducing stimulus into the picture. Reflex and instincts is what makes human motivation. McDougall took the research on a generation after Darwin.Once researchers embraced this idea the next thing to do was to identify the instincts. This became a daunting task. On top of that the instinct theory was exposed as circular. In other words, instinct theory failed because theorists were unable to determine if instincts really exist. | Third Grand Theory: Drive| Sigmund Freud Robert Woodworth Clark Hull | 20th Century| Freud, all behaviors were satisfying needs. Behavior serves bodily needs and drive acted as a guard or middleman to ensure that behaviors occurred when needed for comfort of the body. Satisfaction of the bodily need quieted drive.Freud’s theory was crushed due to three factors (1) overestimation of biological forces (2) overreliance on data taken from case studies of mentally ill individuals a nd (3) ideas that were not scientifically testable. Hull’s drive theory did had one thing the other will and instinct did not have and that was prediction. Drive came from environmental conditioning which marked the beginning of scientific study of motivation. If the answer to the environmental question could be answered as to the motivation created then, one would be able to manipulate or predict motivational states in the laboratory.Eventually though drive met its fate too. It was clear that drive reduction was neither necessary nor sufficient for learning to occur. Robert Woodworth: responsible for the so called â€Å"dynamic: interactional metaphor of nature vs. nurture. He saw the essential task of psychological investigation as ‘the give and take’ between the organism’s mentality and the requirements of its physical and social existence. According to the scientific world of the 21st century these thoughts are holding the discipline back. |Goal Setti ng| Locke| Late 1960s| Mini-theories represented attempts by researchers and theorists to focus on more and more specific aspects of behavior rather than to account for ALL motivating factors by relying on one single theory. As a result of this emphasis, mini-theories were developed to help explain some but not all of motivated behavior. For example, mini-theories might attempt to explain why a student is performing poorly in elementary school or why Mini-theories became popular because they focused largely on cognitive approaches to understanding behavior.They represented a reaction to the idea that humans are inherently passive. They also reflected a growing need for psychology to provide answers to questions that had important social implications or solved problems that were socially relevant. Edwin Locke’s Goal Setting Theory states that people who set goals for themselves will become motivated to achieve those goals, solely as a result of making those goals. Furthermore, those who set specific goals that are more difficult are able to achieve a higher level of performance than those who set easier and abstract goals.The Goal Setting Theory outlines five important principles of goal setting that motivates individuals and they are: clarity(measurable and unambiguous goals with a specific completion time ensure that there is no misunderstanding about what is required to reach the goal), challenge (difficult goals are often more motivating than easier goals), commitment (when there is a strong commitment to the goal, there is a higher level of motivation), feedback (it is important to provide opportunities for clarifying and reassuring), and task complexity (allowing time for people to achieve the goal or learn what is needed to achieve the goal).One important aspect of the goals is that they must be specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, and time bound (SMART). In 1975 the theory was scientifically proven by researchers Latham and Baldes. Common criticisms of this theory are that it is a technique rather than a theory, it can produce undesirable competition, and it emphasizes some aspects over others (quantity over quality). | Cognitive Dissonance Achievement Motivation Learned HelplessnessOthers? | FestingerAtkinsonSeligman| 1950s19641975| The Cognitive Dissonance Theory is based off of the idea of cognitive dissonance.Cognitive dissonance is the uncomfortable feeling that arises from having two conflicting thoughts at the same time. Dissonance is referred to as the uncomfortable feeling and can often be projected as feelings of guilt, embarrassment or immorality. Dissonance can also be greater in some cases such as with big decisions or decisions that will have a great impact, decisions that are particularly difficult to solve (such as with two similar decisions), and decisions that are concerned with oneself.This theory states that when a person has these conflicting thoughts, then they will be motivated to resolve the conflict as humans tend to seek consistency within their thoughts. Often there are three ways that a person will resolve the conflict. They may change their behavior, justify their behavior by changing the conflicting beliefs to reduce dissonance (such as by reducing the importance), or justify the behavior by adding more beliefs that will reduce dissonance (such as focusing on strengths).It is important to note that one will be more likely to change their attitude or beliefs as there would be less dissonance involved, rather than changing one’s behavior. Atkinson’s theory states orientation is the result of two separate motives: the motive of achieving success and the motive to avoid failure. A persons motivation to achieve success depends on three factors: the need to succeed, the persons estimate of the ability to success and likelihood of succeeding, and the incentive for success.The motive to avoid failure shares the same three conditions, but in relation to avoid ing failure. This theory has been criticized due to the fact that a persons needs must be known before behavior can be affected. The Learned Helplessness theory speculated after testing on dogs, that humans too learn to be helpless when placed in a situation in which their actions seem to not have an effect, leading to depression. It has been criticized for not distinguishing between universal and personal helplessness. |

A Family Supper

There is certainly a challenging, subliminal meaning to â€Å"A Family Supper† written by Kazuo Ishiguro. The story takes place in Tokyo, Japan, a couple of decades ago, â€Å"nearing the end of a sunny autumn day.† (856) The setting has a great impact on the events that occur throughout the story, heavily relying on Japanese traditions and culture like tea drinking, views of death, and preference of food. The main characters are the son (narrator), his father, and his sister Kikuko. When Kazuo returns from California, his father happens to be the bearer of bad news, informing him of his mother's recent death, as well as the death of his father's firm, and his father's business partner. It's very faint to detect, but these events have altered the father's personality and his perspective on life as well. In the first few paragraphs, the narrator describes the physical appearance of his father as an introduction to him, and the explanation makes him seem like he's going to be dangerous in the story. â€Å"My father was a formidable-looking man with a large stony jaw and furious black eyebrows. I think now in retrospect that he much resembled Chou En-Lai, although he would not have cherished such a comparison, being particularly proud of the pure samurai blood that ran in the family. His general presence was not one which encourage relaxed conversation.† (857) This is odd because you think it serves as a warning, as if before he walks in the door he dreads his father's presence, but his father turns out to be reasonably understandable with everything he says. It indicates that his father had changed due to recent events. When his father's firm had died, he notes that Watanabe, his business partner whom he'd been working for seventeen years, had committed suicide after murdering his family. He states, â€Å"I am-in retirement. I'm too old to involve myself in new ventures now. Business these days has become so different.† (857) I consider that the death of his partner has shaken him up and had forced him to retire, for the fact that working as an individual at his age, would seem difficult, along with the stresses of recent deaths on his shoulder. â€Å"Watanabe was very devoted to his work. The collapse of the firm was a great blow to him. I fear it must have weakened his judgment.† (862) I believe that this quote is true for the father as well, except for the weakening of the judgment fraction, because he does seem to be more kind than descriptions before. An example of his historical unkindness is when the narrator has a flashback of a time that his father had hit him for â€Å"chatt ering like an old woman.† (857) I believe that the sister's perception of the father is that he is still intimidating. This is for the fact that when the father excuses himself, she was more comfortable with speaking. â€Å"My sister relaxed quite visibly once he had left the room.† (858) I believe on the other hand, the narrator is quite comfortable when talking with the father, and they exchanged great, soothing conversations. â€Å"It's my belief that your mother's death was no accident. She had many worries. And some disappointments.† (860) This adds weight to the father's stresses for the truth that his mother's death is purposeful and that she wasn't happy with things going on in her life, and that he is a part of her life, which is depressing in many cases. The narrator leaving for California was part of the reason for this too, and the father knows this, but I guess he has the â€Å"what's done is done† outlook about it. It is relevant that the father has changed drastically due to the events of death, and that he is much more kind than ever before. He seems much more easier to deal with now, than ever before because of the recent disasters.

Media in Society and Culture Essay Example

Media in Society and Culture Essay Example Media in Society and Culture Essay Media in Society and Culture Essay What is the role and influence of the media in modern society? How does it contribute to, create, direct or represent that societys culture? Consideration of the role, influence and development of the Media in Society and Culture involves addressing fundamental questions about Culture and Society themselves. The insight of various thinkers into the social and cultural role of the media has been underwritten by presuppositions which are, in turn, informed by points of view on what constitutes society and culture. How do we conceive of a society? Is it an organic whole, more than the sum of its individual members? Do we see society in terms of a number of social groups, organized in terms of class, economic activity, access to and control of forms of power, knowledge and beliefs? How also do we conceive of the concept of Culture? As a set of rituals, practices, beliefs and values which are shared by a whole society? As the expression of the interests and values of particular social groups? Or as a combination of all the individual practices, beliefs and forms of behaviour? Amongst wentieth century sociologists, anthropologists and cultural critics the discussion of the Media has been underwritten by the attempt to answer these questions, principally because of the nature and scope of the mass media itself, its influence as a powerful force for maintaining social cohesion, for constructing or reproducing social consciousness, as a mediator of values and beliefs, and as the major sources of information and means of information control within modern societies. Approaches to the role of the media within twentieth century society have been ominated by one principal approach, the Mass Society approach. Drawing from the 19th century tradition of social and cultural criticism, which includes such figures as J. S. Mill, de Tocqueville, Matthew Arnold and Nietzsche, this tradition views modern society in terms of an abstract, often unspecified definition of society as a whole, within which modern society is viewed as a mass society, divided between elites (economic, cultural, political, intellectual), and the remainder of the mass society. In part this approach can be seen as a response to the perceived decline in ocial standards, moral values and cultural integrity that come about with a mass society. In terms of the Media this tradition of cultural and social analysis has been predominantly pessimistic in tone, viewing the media as a major agent of standardization, alienation and cause of widespread cultural uniformity. Key twentieth century figures within this tradition have included F. R. Leavis and T. S. Eliot, who perceive the Media as a major threat to an established and elite cultural heritage, Civilisation, and purveyors of forms of massiflcation and inferior cultural nd standardization. In America also the tradition has been extremely influential, with Mass Communications research being deployed in order to show how the media was responsible for creating a new society of conformity, alienation, standardization, and declining intellectual and cultural standards, a civilization of game-snows ana soap operas. I ne empnasls wnlcn cnaracterlzes tnls approacn to the media is predominantly moral and psychological, critical and humanist, dependent on a humanist and Universalist perspective. For this tradition the key uestions, as regards the media, are: does the Media lead to the degeneration or the development of culture? Does it promote standards of cultural and intellectual conformity? In what ways can the individual resist the forces which promote psychic alienation, moral mediocrity, and suburban uniformity? Studies such as The Lonely Crowd and The Hidden Persuaders advanced this predominantly critical view of the media within society. The issue of the role of the social role of the media is inextricably connected with issues of Culture, because the media is a major contributor to the cultural forms ithin society. However, this immediately poses the question, what do we mean by culture? Arguments about what Culture is, if it can be defined as any one thing, have been central to the discussion of the role and influence of the media in society. The media are certainly the most influential mediators, representers and purveyors of values, beliefs and social practices within society. They produce our collective identity; they reflect or reproduce our sense of collective national identity, speaking for society as a whole. An alternative viewpoint is to see the media as speaking for only dominant social groups and cultural values. A composite view is the cultural pluralist view, that the media has the task of reflecting or representing the contrasting cultural perspectives and cultures within a society, such as those of ethnic minorities and religious faiths. Arguments about the role of Channel Four are very relevant here. The argument about the cultural role of the media has been dominated by the argument that it is the media which produces popular culture, for a mass udience, as distinct from serious culture for a discriminating audience. The whole area of Popular or Mass Culture is extremely contentious, for the terms are often taken to signify low-brow cultural products, designed for an undemanding and indiscriminating mass audience, who uncritically watch or read for the purposes of escapism, titillation, and confirmation of personal prejudices and wishfulfilment. Certain critics take the argument further, identifying mass culture with working class culture, possible with the accompanying lament that a more uthentic, valuable and various working class folk culture has been lost, to be replaced by a culture of quiz shows and soaps. The advent of new forms of broadcasting, especially cable and satellite television, as with videos, has raised similar issues of cultural mediocrity and pandering to the masses. However, does Popular or Mass culture necessarily implies a decline in cultural standards? Note the medias role in popularizing or introducing High culture to a Mass Audience. Following on from this is the vexed issue of whether or not the media audience is imply passive, uncritically consuming the versions, values and beliefs which the media present as the audiences own? Or is the audience to be regarded, rather, as discriminating, critical, and actively involved in negotiating, retrieving or rejecting the meanings ana values proaucea Dy tne meala? s tne meala alrect, renect or create popular taste and values? Does the media give us the culture we want or the culture we deserve? In constructing answers to these questions we are also constructing answers to wider questions about ideology, social consciousness, and our own beliefs and values.

Understanding Difficult Biology Words

Understanding Difficult Biology Words One of the keys to being successful in biology is being able to understand the terminology. Difficult biology words and terms can be made easy to understand by becoming familiar with common prefixes and suffixes used in biology. These affixes, derived from Latin and Greek roots, form the basis for many difficult biology words. Biology Terms Below is a list of a few biology words and terms that many biology students find difficult to understand. By breaking these words down into discrete units, even the most complex terms can be understood. Autotroph This word can be separated as follows: Auto - troph.Auto - means self, troph - means nourish. Autotrophs are organisms capable of self-nourishment. Cytokinesis This word can be separated as follows: Cyto - kinesis.Cyto - means cell, kinesis - means movement. Cytokinesis refers to the movement of the cytoplasm that produces distinct daughter cells during cell division. Eukaryote This word can be separated as follows: Eu - karyo - te.Eu - means true, karyo - means nucleus. A eukaryote is an organism whose cells contain a true membrane-bound nucleus. Heterozygous This word can be separated as follows: Hetero - zyg - ous.Hetero - means different, zyg - means yolk or union, ous - means characterized by or full of. Heterozygous refers to a union characterized by the joining of two different alleles for a given trait. Hydrophilic This word can be separated as follows: Hydro - philic.Hydro - refers to water, philic - means love. Hydrophilic means water-loving. Oligosaccharide This word can be separated as follows: Oligo - saccharide.Oligo - means few or little, saccharide - means sugar. An oligosaccharide is a carbohydrate that contains a small number of component sugars. Osteoblast This word can be separated as follows: Osteo - blast.Osteo - means bone, blast - means bud or germ (early form of an organism). An osteoblast is a cell from which bone is derived. Tegmentum This word can be separated as follows: Teg - ment - um.Teg - means cover, ment - refers to mind or brain. The tegmentum is the bundle of fibers that cover the brain. Key Takeaways To be successful in the sciences, particularly in biology, one must understand the terminology.Common affixes (prefixes and suffixes) that are used in biology are often derived from Latin and Greek roots.These affixes form the basis for many difficult biology words.By breaking these difficult terms down into their formative units, even the most complex biological words can be easily understood. Additional Biology Terms For more practice with breaking down biology terms, review the words below. The main prefixes and suffixes used are angio-, -troph, and -trophy. Allotroph (allo - troph) Allotrophs are organisms that get their energy from food obtained from their environments. Angiostenosis (angio - stenosis) Refers to the narrowing of a vessel, particularly a blood vessel. Angiomyogenesis (angio - myo - genesis) A medical term referring to the regeneration of heart tissue. Angiostimulatory (angio - stimulatory) Refers to the growth and stimulation of blood vessels. Axonotrophy (axono - trophy) Is a condition where axons are destroyed due to disease. Biotroph (bio - troph) Biotrophs are parasites that do not kill their hosts. They establish a long-term infection to continue to get their energy from the living cells. Bradytroph (brady - troph) Bradytroph refers to an organism that experiences very slow growth without a particular substance. Cellulotrophy (cellulo - trophy) This term refers to the digestion of cellulose, an organic polymer. Chemotrophy (chemo - trophy) Chemotrophy refers to an organism making its energy by the oxidation of molecules. Electrotroph (electro - troph) These are organisms that can obtain their energy from an electric source. Necrotroph (necro - troph) Unlike the aforementioned biotrophs, necrotrophs are parasites that kill their host since they survive on the dead remains. Oligotroph (oligo - troph) Organisms that can live in places with very few nutrients are called oligotrophs. Oxalotrophy (oxalo - trophy) Refers to organisms that metabolize oxalates or oxalic acid. Biology Word Dissections For more information on how to understand difficult biology words or terms see: Biology Word Dissections - Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. Yes, this is an actual word. What does it mean?

Impact of CAD development ( evolution ) on Architecture Term Paper

Impact of CAD development ( evolution ) on Architecture - Term Paper Example The evolution and development of CAD has significantly impacted on architectural design. Some of the potential impacts of CAD development (Evolution) on Architecture include reduced design mistakes, time saving and design efficiency, and clear communication of architectural details among others. This paper highlights the evolution as well as the transformational impact of computer aided design on the architectural design process. Impact of CAD development (Evolution) on Architecture Introduction Computer aided design (CAD) is the concept of using computerized systems to help in the technical creation, analysis, modification and optimization of technical designs. Prior to the evolution and development of CAD, architectural design was primarily a hands-on process that involved a variety of manual and physical media tasks. However, the introduction of computer aided design in the 1980s completely revolutionized architecture particularly in the filed of design. According to Tai (103), mo dern architectural designs employ a number of CAD software to enhance to improve the design quality, improve the productivity of designers and enhance communication through documentation. ... The CAD software system normally increases the architectural productivity and design. This system as well improves the communication system through the documentation and the creation of a database used for manufacturing. Most of the CAD software often works like a large database with numerous geometric information points, curves and lines that can easily translate into imagery visible through the graphical user interface (Robertson 144). Despite a few limitations, there a number of enormous and obvious potential impacts of CAD evolution on architecture. This paper seeks to critically investigate the development of computer aided design in the architectural field. The paper, in addition explores the development of digital technology and it impact to the architectural subject. Chronology of the Development of CAD The evolution and development of CAD had its beginnings in the early 1960s and 1970s after various automotive and aerospace companies began to independently develop the first CAD systems. The real breakthrough point was particularly witnessed in 1963 after SKETCHPAD computer aided design program was developed at MIT. One of the main beneficial features of the program was that it allowed architectural designers to effectively use a light pen to draw on the computer screen. Essentially this was the first known graphic user interface (GUI) which is currently one of the most important features of CAD. However, the initial CAD programs were expensive and as a result were only available to large corporations in the aerospace, automotive and electronic industries such as Renault, GM and Lockheed among others. Throughout the 1970s, CAD programs were only capable of helping in the creation of 2D drawings